大山公淳 から エフ・エム・トラウツ先生様 **

Ōyama Kōjun to Doctor F. M. Trautz

大山公淳 から エフ・エム・トラウツ先生様

Ōyama Kōjun (1895-1992) sent this New Year's card to Trautz from Wakayama Koyasan, Koyasan University Library on January 1, 1933. Ōyama was working there as a librarian and associate professor when he sent this note. Later in 1933, he became a full professor at Koyasan University. He authored many works on Buddhism throughout his life.

Ōyama's choice of addressing Trautz as トラウツ先生様 ("Trautz sensei sama") was clearly respectful, but overly so and unnecessary, as it is akin to saying "Mister Professor Trautz."

関口林蔵 から 都良宇津 (トラウツ)への 年賀状 *

関口林蔵 から 都良宇津 (トラウツ)への 年賀状

This New Year's wish was sent to F. M. Trautz from Sekiguchi Rinzo at the Yamashima Police Station in Kyoto. Sekiguchi's use of the kanji 都良宇津 (To-Ra-Wu-Tsu) to address Trautz is highly unconventional; many would have used the katakana version トラウツ instead.

Regarding Sekiguchi, it appears that history has forgotten him, as there is no information available online or any references to him in written records.

小室昌義 Komuro Masayoshi to F. M. トラウツ **

小室昌義 Komuro Masayoshi to F. M. トラウツ 1933年

This 1933 postcard is addressed to Trautz and his wife and was sent by Doctor Komuro Masayoshi, author of インスリン注射後ノ初期血糖上昇ニ就テ (On the Initial Blood Sugar Elevation After Insulin Injection) published in 1929. It carries a quaint touch, as he also wrote the names of his wife, along with his son and daughter, in pencil: 禎子 (Yoshiko? Sadako?), 光子 (Mitsuko), and 和信 (Kazunobu). 

溝渕進馬 to F. M. Trautz 1933年1月1日 *

溝渕進馬 Mizobuchi Shinma to F. M. Trautz

溝淵進馬 (1871-1935) was a Japanese educator. What makes this postcard interesting is Mizobuchi's signature in ink next to his Japanese name on the verso. For more comprehensive information on Mizobuchi, see below.

五高の歴史・落穂拾い

旧制第五高等学校の六十年にわたる想い出の歴史のエピソードを集めている 五高東光会の誕生

https://blog.goo.ne.jp/momotyann_1937/e/db8c7a9f57b6b53089dc1dcd7ab41bd7

モリース・コスマン 1889 Maurice Cossmann to エドワード・S・モース

Maurice Cossmann (Alexandre Édouard Maurice Cossmann), French paleontologist and malacologist.

モリース・コスマン 1889 Postcard Maurice Cossmann エドワード・S・モース

Addressed to Professor E. S. Morse Esq. at the Peabody Academy of Science in Salem, Massachusetts, U.S.A., this letter bears the acceptance postmark, stamped twice, from LILLE (France), dated December 14, 1889. In addition to this, there are postmarks from London on December 14 and New York on December 24.

A peculiar circular stamp with the inscription "PAID / J / ALL" is also present. Despite not being a postal collector and, therefore, unable to definitively identify the purpose of this stamp, its size and upside-down stamping align with the New York postmark. This suggests that the stamp originates in New York.

The sender of this postcard, composed in French longhand and unfortunately beyond my ability to translate, is Maurice Cossmann, a distinguished French paleontologist and malacologist. The note seems to allude to a publication on brachiopods, but my understanding ends there. Intriguingly, he signs as "C. Maurice," an unconventional choice as Maurice is his first name followed by just the initial of his last name.

Alexandre Édouard Maurice Cossmann (1850–1924) was a distinguished French paleontologist and malacologist, whose significant contributions left a lasting impact on the fields of invertebrate paleontology and malacology. Born in Strasbourg, France, Cossmann dedicated his career to the study of fossilized shells, with a particular focus on brachiopods.

Cossmann's research encompassed a wide range of topics within invertebrate paleontology. He conducted extensive studies on the taxonomy, morphology, and classification of fossilized marine life. His work was characterized by meticulous attention to detail, and he played a crucial role in advancing our understanding of the evolutionary history of various marine organisms.

One of Cossmann's notable achievements was his comprehensive research on brachiopods, a group of marine invertebrates with hinged shells. His expertise in this area contributed significantly to the refinement of brachiopod taxonomy, and his publications provided valuable insights into their paleobiology and distribution.

Throughout his career, Cossmann authored numerous scientific papers and publications, contributing substantially to the academic literature. His work not only enriched the knowledge base in paleontology and malacology but also influenced subsequent generations of researchers in these fields.

Despite the challenges of his time, Cossmann's dedication to scientific inquiry and his rigorous approach to research established him as a prominent figure in the scientific community. His legacy endures through his scholarly contributions, which continue to be referenced and built upon by contemporary researchers in the study of Earth's ancient marine life.

佐々木忠次郎からエドワード・S・モースへ 1910年5月1日

佐々木忠次郎からエドワード・S・モースへ 1910年5月1日

Sasaki Chujiro's postcard to Edward S. Morse dated May, 1, 1910. He writes:

Tokyo 1. May 1910

Dear Professor, 

A few days ago I have received your kind letter as well as your interesting paper - An early stage of Acmaea.

In June, I will depart Japan in order to travel Europe, and probably in the following November or December, I will visit you at Salem.

Yours very fauthfully

Prof. Dr. C. Sasaki
Tokyo, Japan

An early stage of Acmaea was published in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 1910, Volume 34, Number 8, pp. 318-323. The following review appeared in Geological Magazine, Volume 2, Issue 1, January 1915, pp. 41.

竹中成憲からエドワード・S・モースへ 1900年6月5日

竹中成憲からエドワード・S・モースへ

Seiken Takenaka writes to Edward Morse on June 5, 1900

Public Hospital, Aomori, Japan
June 5th, 1900
Regards to /  Mrs. Morse / & / Edith / Mrs.-- / I beg your pardon.

Dear Professor, 

Thanks for your kindness of sending me the Pamphlet on Bubble blower"--Very interesting. I send you a new Jap Med Journal, which contained my essay e.i. I cut it out. Still I send you the empty pamphlet, because at any rate you would not read the Japanese. Just a joke! To Dr. Bigelow tell the same thing if you please. 

How is your family? I want to have the picture of your loving son Mr. J. G. M. [ Potteries I do not forget yet -- a long time] You only, Takenaka

Seiken (Hachitaro) Takenaka (1862-1925) emerges as a prominent presence within Morse's book Japan Day by Day 1877, 1878-79, 1882-83. Serving as Morse's assistant and interpreter during his initial years in Japan, Takenaka's early affiliation with Morse is well-documented. He pursued a medical education at the University of Tokyo and later transitioned into the role of a military doctor. Notably, Takenaka established his own hospital on Sado Island around 1905.

This card is particularly intriguing, as it extends regards to various individuals: Mrs. Morse (Ellen Elizabeth Owen Morse, the wife), Edith (Edith Morse, the daughter), Mr. J.G.M. (John Gavit Morse, the son), and Dr. Bigelow (William Sturgis Bigelow, longtime friend). Takenaka humorously includes a remark addressing Edith as "Mrs.," likely aware of her recent marriage in March 1898. However, it seems he was unaware that John Gavit Morse had also married in early 1899. Unlike the instantaneous news updates we are accustomed to today, in the past, it took considerable time for news to circulate, especially when letters sent overseas were infrequent.

It seems like Takenaka is expressing gratitude for receiving a pamphlet on bubble blowers. He acknowledges the kindness of the gesture and finds the pamphlet interesting. He then mentions sending Morse a new Japanese medical journal, along with his essay that he had cut out. He humorously adds that he is sending the empty pamphlet as well, jokingly implying that Morse wouldn't be able to read the Japanese content anyway. Takenaka concludes by asking Morse to relay the same message to Dr. Bigelow. This postcard appears to be a light-hearted and appreciative exchange.

The article appeared in Popular Science Monthly, May 1900, pp. 23-29. Below is the first paragraph of that monograph.

A BUBBLE-BLOWING INSECT
By Prof. E. S. MORSE

MANY years ago, while preparing an elementary book on zoölogy, I had occasion to make a drawing of the little insect which is found on grass and other plants immersed in flecks of froth. This substance is commonly known as frog spittle or cuckoo spit, and, being found in the spring, is known in France as "spring froth."

佐々木忠次郎からエドワード・S・モースへ 1922年11月26日

佐々木忠次郎からエドワード・S・モース

For whatever the reason, Chujiro Sasaki uses Roman numeral to denote month of the year. In this instance, he uses "XI" for November: 'Tokyo 26. XI. 1922' for this postcard sent to Edward Sylvester Morse. It appears Morse had sent him an article on soft-shell clams and a work relating to archery, a sequel to his 1885 "Ancient and Modern Methods of Arrow Release." 

Tokyo 26. XI. 1922

Dear Prof.

Today I have reveived your two papers - 

1. An abnormal shell of Mya arenaria 

2. Additional notes on arrow release - and read them with great interests. I should say much thanks to your kindness and am glad to hear your everlasting scientific works.

Yours very faithfully

Hon. Prof. C. Sasaki
Agric Coll. Tokyo
Imp. Univ.
Tokyo, Japan

Ancient and Modern Methods of Arrow Release

Additional notes on arrow release (1922), Salem, Mass., Peabody museum.

Below is an extract from that work: 

"In 1885 I published, in the Proceedings of the Essex Institute, a paper entitled "Ancient and Modern Methods of Arrow Release." From the difficulty I found in ascertaining the various attitudes of the hand in drawing the bow I began to realize that no one had made a study of the subject and that I had made a discovery."

An Abnormal Shell of Mya Arenaria, 1922, Nautilus, volume 36, pp. 28-30.

Below is an extract from that work:

"The many deformations in the shells of Mollusca have often been described and figured and their causes easily explained. Some of these deformations have been due to injuries to the shell in its early stages, others are due to an arrest of development — atrophy, or an access of growth — hypertrophy, as are the usual causes of malformations among the higher animals and man. In shells these malformations generally consist in the case of gasteropods of the whorls being separated, elongation of the spire, extra knobs, spines, ribs or keels or simple monstrosities; reversed twirls of the spire in dextral shells, supernumerary teeth in the aperture. These and other modifications of the shell are readily understood. I now present an example of an abnormal growth which has so far been inexplicable to me, and it is hoped that some reader of the Nautilus will solve the problem. Recently I received the right valve of the common clam, Mya arenaria, from my friend Major John M. Gould, who received it from Levi C. Carter of Loudville, Maine, who got it at Marsh Island, midway between the Kennebec and Penobscot Rivers."

From these writings, it becomes evident that Morse continued his lifelong research on various subjects until his death in 1925.

石川千代松からエドワード・S・モースへ 1900年12月28日

 

石川千代松からエドワード・S・モースへ

New Year's well wishes from Chiyomatsu Ishikawa to Edward Sylvester Morse

Bearing the postmark of December 28, 1900, from Tokyo, the note is dated January 1, 1901, in adherence to the customary practice of New Year's greeting cards. Chiyomatsu Ishikawa, once a student of Edward Morse during Morse's tenure at Tokyo University, sent this heartfelt greeting in German. Notably, it reached Morse on January 21, 1900, as indicated by the Massachusetts postmark

Ishikawa Chiyomatsu (石川千代松, January 30, 1861 – January 17, 1935) was a Japanese biologist, zoologist, evolutionary theorist, and ichthyologist who left an indelible mark on the scientific landscape of Japan. His significant contributions extended beyond his homeland, particularly in the realms of evolutionary biology and ichthyology. Notably, Chiyomatsu played a pivotal role in the early dissemination of Charles Darwin's groundbreaking evolutionary ideas within Japan, contributing to the broader acceptance and understanding of evolutionary theory in the country.

In 1878, Chiyomatsu embarked on his academic journey at Tokyo Imperial University, where he studied under the guidance of Edward S. Morse. His intellectual foundation expanded further as Morse's departure from Japan led him to influential mentors such as Charles Otis Whitman and Kakichi Mitsukuri.

After completing his studies at Tokyo Imperial University, Chiyomatsu pursued advanced research in Germany under the tutelage of the distinguished evolutionary theorist August Weismann. The experience abroad not only enriched his scientific knowledge but also fostered a global perspective on evolutionary studies.

Upon his return to Japan, Chiyomatsu assumed the role of an assistant professor at the University of Tokyo. Subsequently, he became a professor at the University of Agriculture (農科大学, Nōka Daigaku) from 1890 to 1924, where he continued to inspire and shape the minds of future scientists. His tenure at these esteemed institutions marked a period of significant academic influence, where Chiyomatsu continued his research, contributing to the advancement of zoology and evolutionary thought in Japan.

佐々木忠次郎からエドワード・S・モースへ 1924年5月28日 ジョゼフ・ライディ

Chujiro Sasaki writes:

Tokyo 28. V. 1924

Dear Sir,

Herewith, I say much thanks with your work - Joseph Leidy's Influence on Science - which I received with much interests.  

Yours very faithfully
Hon. Prof. C. Sasaki
Agric. Coll. Tokyo Imp. Univ.
Tokyo (Komaba), Japan

佐々木忠次郎からエドワード・S・モースへ1924年5月28日ジョゼフ・ライディ

This postcard bears the date 28.V.1924 (28 May 1924), humorously marked with the Roman numeral 'V' to signify May. In a jesting manner, Chijiro Sasaki signs the card as 'Hon. Prof.,' a tongue-in-cheek reference to Honorable Professor, playfully expressing modesty in his signature. 

Edward Morse likely sent Sasaki an article he authored on Joseph Leidy's Influence on Science, which was published in The Scientific Monthly, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Apr., 1924), pp. 422-427 (6 pages). In the opening paragraph of the article, Morse expresses his initial reluctance:

"It was with some hesitation that I accepted the invitation of

your committee to prepare an address on the subject of Joseph

Leidy's influence on the science of his time. It is true that I am

probably one of the oldest members of your academy, but it seemed

to me that a member nearer home and consequently more intimate

with Leidy's life and work would have been better chosen."

Chujiro Sasaki (1857-1938) stands as a noteworthy figure, having been a protégé of Edward S. Morse during his tenure at the University of Tokyo. As a student in 1877, Sasaki engaged in excavations and surveys at the Omori Shell Mound. In the subsequent years, he also explored the Okadaira Shell Mound, a site of significant archaeological import. Graduating from Tokyo University in 1881, Sasaki pursued further studies in Germany over a span of two years. His academic journey led him to eventually become a professor specializing in zoology, entomology, and sericulture at the Imperial University Agricultural College in 1893.

Joseph Leidy was an American paleontologist, anatomist, and naturalist who lived in the 19th century. He was born on September 9, 1823, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and died on April 30, 1891. Leidy made significant contributions to various scientific fields, including paleontology, comparative anatomy, and parasitology.

Some key aspects of Joseph Leidy's life and work include:

• Education and Early Career:

Leidy attended the University of Pennsylvania, where he studied medicine and received his medical degree in 1844. While practicing medicine, Leidy developed an interest in natural history and anatomy, leading him to pursue scientific research.

• Paleontological Contributions:

Leidy is renowned for his contributions to paleontology. He conducted extensive research on fossilized remains, particularly those of prehistoric mammals and dinosaurs. In the mid-19th century, Leidy described and named several dinosaur species, including Hadrosaurus foulkii, one of the first nearly complete dinosaur skeletons found in North America.

• Comparative Anatomy:

Leidy also made important contributions to comparative anatomy, studying the anatomical structures of different species to understand their evolutionary relationships. His work included detailed studies of the skeletal anatomy of various animals, ranging from invertebrates to mammals.

• Parasitology:

Leidy was a pioneer in the field of parasitology, the study of parasites and their hosts. He made significant contributions to the understanding of parasitic organisms and their life cycles. His investigations into parasitology included the study of parasites affecting humans, animals, and even fossilized parasites found in coprolites (fossilized feces).

• Academic Career:

Joseph Leidy had a long and distinguished academic career. He served as a professor of anatomy at the University of Pennsylvania and the chair of anatomy at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. Leidy's teaching and mentorship influenced many aspiring scientists, and he played a key role in the development of paleontological and anatomical studies in the United States.

Joseph Leidy's work laid the groundwork for subsequent generations of scientists, and his legacy continues to be recognized in the fields of paleontology, comparative anatomy, and parasitology.

佐々木忠次郎からエドワード・S・モースへのはがき1916年5月3日

佐々木忠次郎からエドワード・S・モースへ

Chujiro Sasaki (1857-1938) stands as a noteworthy figure, having been a protégé of Edward S. Morse during his tenure at the University of Tokyo. As a student in 1877, Sasaki engaged in excavations and surveys at the Omori Shell Mound. In the subsequent years, he also explored the Okadaira Shell Mound, a site of significant archaeological import. Graduating from Tokyo University in 1881, Sasaki pursued further studies in Germany over a span of two years. His academic journey led him to eventually become a professor specializing in zoology, entomology, and sericulture at the Imperial University Agricultural College in 1893.

A postcard dated May 3, 1916, from Chujiro Sasaki to Edward S. Morse. The handwriting is unquestionably the work of two individuals; Sasaki wrote the main portion, while another hand addressed the bottom. The differences in penmanship are evident.

Tokyo, 3 May 1916

Dear Professor!

Much thanks are due to your kind sending of paper on the Fireflies Flashing. I am always glad to receive your works, which indicate your healthy condition. 

Yours very faithfully,

Prof. Dr. C. Sasaki
Agric. Coll.
Tokyo Imp. Univ.
Tokyo (Komaba),
Japan

Sasaki must have been referring to the article 'FIREFLIES FLASHING IN UNISON' (published in SCIENCE on Feb. 4, 1916). Below is its full text: 

FIFTY years ago in Gorham, Maine, while walking along the road I passed an open field and noticed to my astonishment hundreds of fireflies flashing in perfect unison. I watched this curious sight for some time and the synchronism of the flashing was unbroken. Many times after I have watched these luminous insects, hoping to see a repetition of this phenomenon, but the flashes in every instance were intermittent. Since that time I have read about these insects in various books without meeting any allusion to this peculiar behavior.

At last I have found a confirmation of my early observations. In Nature of December 9, page 414, is the report of an interesting paper read before the South London Entomological and Natural History Society by K. G. Blair entitled "Luminous Insects " in which reference is made to the remarkable synchronism of the flashes in certain European species of fireflies. The explanation offered as to the cause of this behavior seemed to me inadequate. One often notices in the stridulation of the Grillide the perfect time the insects keep in their concerts and it seems likely that the same impulse must animate these flashing beetles, and the light emitted could be more easily followed than the sound. 

(Morse continues) The following is an extract from Mr. Blair's paper:

Apart from its principal function in securing the proper mating of the sexes, the light seems also to be largely used, at any rate by the males, for purposes of display. Where the powers of luminosity are largely developed in this sex the emission of the light is usually of an intermittent flashing type. It has been noticed in various parts of the world that these flashing males tend to congregate in large companies, and that all the individuals of one of these gatherings will flash in concert. All the fireflies around one tree or group of trees, for instance, will flash together, while those around a neighboring tree will be pulsating to a different time. This feature has been observed of a European species of Luciola (though Mr. Main and myself were unable to detect anything of the sort with L. italica at Lugano), of an Indian lampyrid genus not stated, and of the genus Aspidosoma in South America. The American species of Photinus and Photuris do not seem to possess the habit.

The exact reason of this flashing in concert, or the method by which it is brought about, have not been ascertained. It has been suggested that the light is not really intermittent in character, but merely appears so owing to its being alternately masked and exhibited by movements of the creature's body, and that a slight puff of wind might perhaps affect all the members of a company and cause them all to conceal their lights at once. Though this explanation of the intermittent character of the light applies well enough to Pyrophorus, an insect we shall shortly consider, it is certainly not applicable to these Lampyride. It is true the light is not absolutely extinguished between the flashes, but it is so diminished as to become practically dark; moreover the flashing in unison is too regular to be caused by chance puffs of wind. A more probable explanation of the phenomenon is that each flash exhausts the battery, as it were, and a period of recuperation is required before another flash can be emitted. It is then conceivable that the flash of a leader might act as a stimulus to the discharge of their flashes by the other members of the group, and so bring about the flashing concert by the whole company.

エドワード・S・モースの娘 Edith 1899年2月3日 貴重な手紙

エドワード・S・モースの娘 Edith

Very Important 1899 Edith Morse to John Morse (Children of Edward S. Morse)

Wedding Gift from sister to brother:

In this letter, Edith Owen Morse writes to her brother John with a straightforward and practical tone. She starts by mentioning the wedding present she and her husband, Russell Robb, have chosen for him and his bride, Julia, a dining room table similar to theirs. Edith recalls that John found their table too small for his feet, but Russell couldn't find a better option, especially for a round table. The letter conveys a sense of practicality, as Edith discusses the table's design, acknowledging that a round table with four legs might not be the most aesthetically pleasing choice. She emphasizes that they're open to any alterations or a visit for John to inspect the table before they proceed with the gift. This pragmatism highlights their desire to ensure that the table suits John and Julia's needs.

Edith also extends a casual invitation for John to spend time with them, offering him the best guest room, demonstrating her hospitality and closeness to her brother. In essence, this letter reflects a practical and caring approach to selecting a wedding gift while maintaining a warm and familial tone throughout the communication.

1899年2月3日 貴重な手紙

Concord, Feb 3. 1899

My dear John,

Russell and I have decided what to give you for your wedding present - and wish to ask you a little about it, we wish to give you a dining room table like ours, I remember you said ours did not give you room enough for your feet, but Russell cannot find one with more room, with xxx you have four legs which is not very pretty for a round table. We thought it would be nice to have one made just like ours, by the same man, & he would like to begin it now. If you wish it different in any way, or wish to see ours again before you decide, we will wait before having it made. We find ours a good size & can sit six at it with ease & have had seven. If xxxxx xxxx next week can you xxx spend the next Sunday with us. I will let you sleep in the best guest room, if you will be a real good boy.

I think Julie liked our table very much by what she said. With much love to you all & Julie when you write to her. 

Your loving sister, XXXXX (Deeds?)

エドワード・S・モースの娘 Edith

John's sister, Edith, is 6 years older than John. She is the daughter of Edward S. Morse and married Russell Robb in 1898. John and Julia married in 1899. I wonder if John chose a three-legged or four-legged table.

ジョン・モース 切手収集家 (エドワード・S・モースの息子) 1891年

ジョン・モース 切手収集家 1891年

1891 John Gavit Morse - Stamp Collector

We have three "wraps" here that arrived for John from Canada. They likely contained either a price list or a promotional flyer tailored to postage stamp collectors. One of the parcels bears a return address from Toronto, while the other two lack any sender information.

Initially, I encountered some difficulty identifying the sender due to the name appearing as "WILSON WILEY," which produced no likely hit on search engines. After spending a considerable amount of time trying to ascertain the sender's identity, I decided to explore the possibility that it might be "WILSON WILBY." The letter following the "L" in the name (WIL?Y) was somewhat ambiguous, leaving room for different interpretations.

WILSON WILBY: dealer in stamps

To my pleasant surprise, it turned out to be correspondence from a stamp dealer. This discovery led me to locate one of his advertisements, revealing his specialization in foreign stamps. While the advertisement showcased only a small portion of his stamp inventory, it was evident that his primary focus was on dealing in common, low-value stamps.

It is unclear how much effort John put into collecting stamps, or whether he collected stamps at all. However, he must have shown some interest in collecting them, at the very least. Did he develop an interest in collecting Japanese stamps due to his father's connection with Japan?